Tough Choices A Memoir

Craly Fiorina is one of the most commended ladies on the planet. She strived strategically to accomplish her business and political goals. Quite, she competed for Californian Senate seat with a Republican ticket in 2009. Furthermore, she was the CEO of Hewlett-Packard (1999-2005), ATT, and HP. She has likewise been an individual from the Board of Directors overseeing institutions.Advertising We will compose a custom book survey test on Tough Choices: A Memoir explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Academically, she initiated her examinations as a law understudy in UCLA; notwithstanding, she dropped out (as a key methodology) to fill in as a secretary for a half year at Marcus Millichap (a land company). Eminently, she started to investigate reasonable market openings. â€Å"Her assurance earned her a presidential title† (Anders 45). In this specific situation, she was viewed as the leader of Hewlett-Packard Technological Company. Fiorina’s achievement la id mostly on her desire, assurance, persistence, very much organized methodologies, energy, and control in the domains of enterprise. This is a basic arrangement when considered extensively. Being a yearning business woman, Fiorina relinquished a great deal of things to accomplish her fantasies. This fused her instructive profession among other social arrangements. At a given point in her vocation, she dropped out to utilize the rest of the piece of her investigations to set up her organizations (Fiorina, 33). In any case, this necessary a great deal of capital, which she was unable to manage the cost of as at that point. She chose to look for work in one of the set up business enterprises named ATT where she filled in as an assistant. Afterward, because of her difficult work and experience, she was elevated to accept the jobs of a salesman. Deliberately, Fiorina chose to facilitate her examinations in reasoning and medieval history. She bounced starting with one occupation then ont o the next (HP, ATT, Hewlett-Packard, Cybertrust, and Lucent). This outfitted her with a great deal of administration and the board encounters, which she later used to deal with the recently referenced associations. Another factor that may have prompted Fiorina’s achievement was the media. The media contributed in making Fiorina renowned. This was because of her difficult work and assurance. â€Å"The media showed her sure credits to the general public† (Fiorina 92). This was a basic arrangement with regards to success.Advertising Looking for book audit on correspondences media? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apart from dealing with her own business, she created enthusiasm for innovation, organizing, and different business arrangements. She dedicated piece of her time in the structure quarters; overseeing the Hewlett-Packard organizing organization. As indicated by her, prosperity can't be accomplished separatel y. It is imperative to associate with others. Simultaneously, one needs to differentiate or search for different other options. It is crucial to comprehend the achievement arrangements of Fiorina as showed before. Today, Fiorina has stood apart to be one of the effective ladies around the world. She is a motivation to most ladies. Fiorina is as yet resolved to accomplish a portion she had always wanted despite the fact that they are presently best in class. â€Å"She accepts that after an individual has accomplished a portion they had always wanted, it is fundamental to progress further† (Fiorina, 67). In one of the meetings (in the U.S.), Fiorina gave out a discourse to inspire the up and coming business people. As of now, Fiorina is resolved to guarantee mechanical systems administration around the world. Aside from this, she likewise helps business and magnanimous associations to accomplish their points and targets. â€Å"Being a systems administration supervisor at Hewle tt-Pakard, she has financed the expense of business organizing provisions† (Fiorina 56). This has helped the up and coming business people or shippers to support their organizations. This shows Fiorina is cooperative person in the domains of business. Definitely, a portion of the key factors that prompted Fiorina’s achievement included assurance, expansion, difficult work, and penance. Without these, Fiorina couldn't have accomplished a portion she had always wanted. Works Cited Anders, George. Flawless Enough: Carly Fiorina and the Reinvention of Hewlett-Packard. New York: Portfolio, 2004. Print. Fiorina, Carly. Extreme Choices: A Memoir. New York, NY: Portfolio, 2007. Print.Advertising We will compose a custom book audit test on Tough Choices: A Memoir explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This book audit on Tough Choices: A Memoir was composed and presented by client GitHoskins to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it likewise. You can give your paper here.

All About Geography Questions and Answers

About Geography Questions and Answers While the word geology is gotten from Greek and actually intends to expound on the earth, the subject of topography is substantially more than depicting remote places or retaining the names of capitals and nations. Geology is a widely inclusive order that tries to comprehend the world - Â its human and physical highlights - through a comprehension of spot and area. Geographers study where things are and how they arrived. My preferred definitions for geology are the scaffold between the human and physical sciences and the mother everything being equal. Geology takes a gander at the spatial association between individuals, places, and the earth. How Is Geography Different from Geology? Numerous individuals have a thought of what a geologist does yet dont have any thought of what a geographer does. While topography is usually partitioned into human geology and physical topography, the contrast between physical geology and geography is frequently confounding. Geographers will in general examination the outside of the earth, its scenes, its highlights, and why they are the place they are. Geologists look further into the earth than do geographers and study its stones, the inward procedures of the earth, (for example, plate tectonics and volcanoes), and study times of earth history a large number and even billions of years prior. How Can One Become a Geographer? An undergrad (school or college) instruction in geology is a significant starting to turning into a geographer. With a single guys degree in topography, a geology understudy can start working in an assortment of fields. While numerous understudies start their vocation in the wake of accomplishing an undergrad training, others forge ahead. A bosses degree in geology is exceptionally useful for the understudy who wants to instruct at the secondary school or junior college level, to be a cartographer or GIS authority, of work in business or government. A doctorate in geology (Ph.D.) is vital in the event that one wishes to turn into a full teacher at a college. Albeit, numerous Ph.D.s in topography proceed to frame counseling firms, become chairmen in government organizations, or achieve significant level research positions in enterprises or research organizations. The best asset for finding out about schools and colleges that offer degrees in geology is the yearly distribution of the Association of American Geographers, the Guide to Programs in Geography in the United States and Canada. What Does a Geographer Do? Sadly, the activity title of geographer isn't regularly found in organizations or government offices (with the most remarkable special case of the U.S. Enumeration Bureau). Be that as it may, an ever increasing number of organizations are perceiving the ability that a geologically prepared individual brings to the table. Youll find numerous geographers filling in as organizers, cartographers (map producers), GIS pros, investigation, researchers, analysts, and numerous different positions. Youll additionally find numerous geographers filling in as teachers, educators, and specialists at schools, schools, and colleges. Why Is Geography Important? Having the option to see the world topographically is a central expertise for everybody. Understanding the association between nature and individuals, topography integrates various sciences as geography, science, and climatology with financial aspects, history, and legislative issues dependent on the spot. Geographers comprehend strife around the globe on the grounds that such huge numbers of components are included. Who Are the Fathers of Geography? The Greek researcher Eratosthenes, who estimated the periphery of the earth and was the first to utilize the word topography, is normally called the dad of geology. Alexander von Humboldt is normally called the dad of present day geology and William Morris Davis is usually called the dad of American topography. How Might I Learn More About Geography? Taking geology courses, perusing topography books, and, obviously, investigating this site are incredible approaches to learn. You can build your geographic education of spots far and wide by getting a decent map book, for example, Goodes World Atlas and go through it to look new places whenever you experience them while perusing or viewing the news. After a short time, youll have an incredible information on where spots are. Understanding travelogs and recorded books can likewise help improve your geographic education and comprehension of the world - Â theyre a portion of my preferred things to peruse. What Is the Future of Geography? Things are searching up for topography! An ever increasing number of schools over the United States are offering or requiring topography be instructed at all levels, particularly secondary school. The presentation of the Advanced Placement Human Geography course in secondary schools in the 2000-2001 school year expanded the quantity of school prepared geology majors, in this way expanding the quantities of topography understudies in undergrad programs. New geology educators and teachers are required in every aspect of the instructive framework as more understudies start learning topography. GIS (Geographic Information Systems) has gotten mainstream in a wide range of orders and not simply geology. The vocation open doors for geographers with specialized aptitudes, particularly in the region of GIS, is astounding and should keep on developing.

Get Top-Notch Academic Papers From Experts

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Instructions to Start an Analytical Essay: Guidelines From Experts There are consistently dos and donts in all things. Its a no special case recorded as a hard copy an investigative paper. The most effective method to begin your work decides a ton about its quality. Understudies will in general be clear, with no thought of where to start. As a matter of first importance, before you begin making your task, you ought to completely comprehend what your task is about. In straightforward terms, ask yourself What is an explanatory article? Like some other work, your paper ought to be organized in three primary parts: the presentation, the body lastly, the closing passage, which is for the most part a rundown of the central matters. The presentation ought to consistently target persuading the perusers to be keen on what you are composing. The primary sentence should catch the perusers consideration. It must, along these lines, be astounding and energizing. 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Othello Essay Topics You Can Use

Othello Essay Topics You Can UseDo you have an Othello essay topic? While you may feel like you are very well prepared for the semester, we can assure you that when it comes to these Othello essay topics, the whole ordeal is far from over.These essays can be created by students that have little or no experience in writing essays. As a result, this leaves you vulnerable to an essay that reads like the work of a novice. You may be worried that your paper will seem unoriginal and make it difficult for your instructor to see that you are studying hard. If you do not prepare yourself for the tough essay questions that you are likely to face, you may end up feeling like you are over preparing when you really just need to loosen up and get going with your assignments.Your professor may even offer to give you a chance to revise your paper before you are required to turn it in. Beforehand, you should think about the problems you might encounter when you try to get through the assignment.For i nstance, you might face some essay topics that seem to duplicate your work or your grade. This happens quite often. While it is completely understandable if you found a particular essay topic very interesting, you can also find a similar one when you try to get through the essay. Because of this, you may end up having to rewrite your essay in order to avoid writing like a student who has read a lot and practiced a lot.Some of the best essay topics you can work on include ancient Greece, humor, love, and philosophy. Once you are able to work on these topics, you can learn to make a very good introduction for your essay, you can make some great remarks on your short fiction piece, and you can hone your essay writing skills.One thing you must keep in mind is that you must learnto deal with all the essay topics you face. They will come at you faster than you could possibly imagine. While it is understandable that you want to feel comfortable with your ability to write and think, you mus t face each new topic head on if you are to be able to survive. However, you do not have to go to extreme lengths to try to deal with these essay topics, you can instead use a few tricks to become more confident in your abilities.Write something in your head before you start writing, just in case you do not like what you are going to write. When you really have no other option, then you might consider using a computer program to assist you as you write. When this software allows you to create a better draft, then you can focus on the aspects of your essay that need some work.

Holdens Depression in Catcher in the Rye Essay - 754 Words

The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, portrays Holden Caulfield as a manic-depressive. Holden uses three techniques throughout the novel to cope with his depression. He smokes, drinks, and talks to Allie. Although they may not be positive, Holden finds comfort in these three things. Holden smokes a lot when he is nervous, or bored. When the stripper is in his room he noticed that she is shaking her foot as if she is nervous. He offers her a cigarette, twice. Both times she says no. Holden offers Sunny the cigarette because he thinks it would calm her down, like cigarettes calm him down when he is nervous. â€Å"I sat in the chair for a while and smoked a couple of cigarettes†¦boy, I felt miserable† (98). The smoking habit may have come†¦show more content†¦Instead of dealing with his problems Holden drank. This negatively affects him. Instead of getting help with his emotions he would drink them away so he would feel less. Drinking is seen persistently throug hout the novel. Some may think that Holden has a severe drinking problem, which he does. A majority of his money is spent on alcohol at the bars he goes to. Holden is a minor and it is illegal for him to drink (57). Holden feels as if he is older when he drinks and likes the feeling because he does not want to be seen as one of the â€Å"phony† guys that he often speaks about throughout the novel. One night he gets so drunk he just does not know what is going on. It feels good for him. It is often mentioned that Holden drank when he had nothing else to do. He would stay out late because he wasn’t tired and had nothing else to do, and he was lonely. Holden feels a need to be drunk whenever he is around the â€Å"jerky preps† (85). He says â€Å"I can’t sit in a corny place like this cold sober† (70). He feels as if they are phony and he is unlike them. He often feels like getting out of the bars, but doesn’t because he doesn’t want to leave to become lonely. â€Å"I felt like getting out of the place. It was too depressing† (80). Holden mentions Allie in the book quite often when he is feeling down. Allie was everything that Holden’s not. â€Å"He was terrifically intelligent.† His teachers were always writing letters to my mother , telling her what a pleasure it was to have aShow MoreRelatedHoldens Depression in The Catcher in the Rye Essay630 Words   |  3 Pagesmajor case of depression (Web MD). That is a staggering one in every fifteen people (2 in our classroom alone). Holden Caulfield is clearly one of those people. Depression is a disease that leads to death but is also preventable. Psychology, stressful events, and prescription drugs are causes of depression. Stressful events brought on Holden’s depression. Holden has been trying to withstand losing a brother, living with careless parents, and not having many friends. The Catcher in the Rye is a book thatRead More Holdens Depression in J.D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye 1546 Words   |  7 Pages Everybody feels depr essed at some time or another in their lives.   However, it becomes a problem when depression is so much a part of a persons life that he or she can no longer  experience happiness.   This  happens to the young boy, Holden Caulfield in J.D Salingers novel, The Catcher in the Rye.   Mr. Antolini accurately views the cause of Holdens depression as his lack of personal motivation, his inability to self-reflect and his stubbornness to overlook the obvious which collectivelyRead MoreHoldens Depression and Self-Doubt in Salingers Catcher in the Rye734 Words   |  3 PagesAs Eugene McNamara stated in his essay â€Å"Holden Caulfield as Novelist†, Holden, of J.D. Salinger’s novel Catcher in the Rye, had met with long strand of betrayals since he left Pencey Prep. These disappointments led him through the adult world with increasing feelings of depression and self-doubt, leading, finally to his mental breakdown. Holden’s first betrayal was that of his memory and innocence by an egotistical peer. At Pencey Prep, he roomed with a student named Stradlater; the epitome ofRead MoreA Socially Acceptable Form Of Schizophrenia1055 Words   |  5 Pagesstill be acceptable. J.D. Salinger writes The Catcher in the Rye to tell about Holden Caulfield s misadventures in a 1950’s New York. After Holden, the narrator and protagonist, is expelled from yet another boarding school, he hides it from his parents. Mental illness plagues Holden’s life, and at the end of the book, he ends up in a mental hospital in California. Holden Caulfield could be diagnosed with schizophrenia because in The Catcher in the Rye, he exhibits signs of the illness, such as frequentRead More Comparing A Separate Peace and The Catcher in the Rye Essay example1500 Words   |  6 PagesComparing A Separate Peace and The Catcher in the Rye The coming of age novels, The Catcher in the Rye, written by J.D. Salinger, and A Separate Peace, written by John Knowles, both interpret the lives of adolescent boys journeying through their conflicts and inner confusion to reach the level of maturity. Salinger and Knowles both discern the literal ways a typical teenager grows up with the help of literary elements such as plot, setting, character development, conflicts, irony, symobolismRead MoreF. Salinger s The Catcher Of The Rye1121 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the best known novels in English-speaking countries, J.D Salinger’s Catcher In The Rye deals with Holden Caulfield’s past trauma which is the triggering factor in his depression, anxiety and alienation. Holden tells an unnamed person what has happened in the three days prior to his mental breakdown. Through Holden’s relatable characteristics and Salinger’s narrative treatment, the book continues to engage audiences across generations. The way that Salinger writes gives the audience a veryRead MoreComparison and Contrast of a Separate Peace and Catcher in the Rye1515 Words   |  7 PagesComparison and Contrast Essay A Separate Peace and The Catcher in the Rye The coming of age novels, The Catcher in the Rye, written by J.D. Salinger, and A Separate Peace, written by John Knowles, both interpret the lives of adolescent boys journeying through their conflicts and inner confusion to reach the level of maturity. Salinger and Knowles both discern the literal ways a typical teenager grows up with the help of literary elements such as plot, setting, character development, conflictsRead MoreThe Catcher In The Rye Analysis1657 Words   |  7 PagesOne must inevitably confront the daunting face of adulthood. In J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye, Salinger depicts the disheartening journey from adolescence to adulthood that Holden Caulfield endures. Although holden seeks the freedoms that mark adulthood, he has yet to take up the role of a truly mature citizen as the society conforming nature of those adults disgust him, leading him to his gradual mental decline. J. D. Salinger uses the immature character of Holden Caulfield as a me ansRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D.Salinger983 Words   |  4 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye, by J.D Salinger, is a classic novel that recognize as a perfect tale of teenage rebellion. Salinger highlights the impacts of depression in this novel. After the World War II, The Catcher in the Rye became so popular because it was the first book that revealed the true feelings of teenager. Holden Caulfield, the main character in the novel, symbolizes a teenager revolting against a society and struggles to transit into an adult world. Moreover, his personality reveals uncertaintyRead MoreCatcher and the Rye Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pagesnovel The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger expresses the free will of choice. Salinger cleverly conveys how decisions can alter a person’s perspective of their peer. Holden Caulfield, the protagonist, is a young teenager who has emotional instability and behavioral concerns. Holden acts immaturely extensively throughout the book. Holden inv ents a world where adulthood is the emblem of superficiality and â€Å"phoniness†, while he chooses to convey childhood as a world of innocence. Holden’s observation

Unilever And Gamble s Corporate Social Responsibility...

When analyzing Unilever and Procter and Gamble’s corporate social responsibility stances, many similarities can be seen. The first main similarity in each company’s corporate social responsibility stance relates to common goals. Both company’s share the common goals relating to deforestation, commitment to small farmers and sustainable agriculture practices, and clean water. In Procter and Gamble’s sustainability report, they implement a no-deforestation plan for suppliers, small-farmers program to improve practices and livelihoods, and their Children’s Safe Drinking Water program to provide clean water for families. (â€Å"2015 Sustainability†, 2015). Similarly, Unilever wishes to eliminate deforestation by 2020 to combat climate change, encourage sustainable agriculture techniques to increase yields for small farmers, and make progress towards worldwide access to safe drinking water (Bartlett, 2016). The second similarity found between thes e two companies relates to the joining of various organizations in order to advance their cause. Unilever partners with organizations such as the Tropical Rainforest Alliance, Consumer Goods Forum, and Save the Children. These organizations do not belong to any part of the companies value chain (Bartlett, 2016). Proctor and Gamble also joined organizations outside their value chain. They have joined programs such as Climate Savers, Corporate Renewable Energy Buyers’, and RE100 (â€Å"2015 Sustainability†, 2015). Both companies commit toShow MoreRelatedProcter Gamble s Sustainability, Social, And Ethical Conduct2092 Words   |  9 PagesProcter Gamble’s Sustainability, Social, and Ethical Conduct, and Technological Successes December 7, 2014 Dorothy Dilger Herzing University Executive Summary Procter Gamble’s mission and vision statement is profoundly stated within what the company refers to as their statement of purpose. The statement defines the company’s current and future direction, including their shared image in producing quality products that commit to the well-being of all individuals and communities alike. Read MoreThe year 2006, Marketing Plan for The Body Shop International3233 Words   |  13 Pagesmasstige positioning (Mass-market combined with prestige). Opportunities for Expansion. The worldwide cosmetics and toiletries market has a turnover in excess of $80 billion (with 3.1% annual growth) dominated by major companies like Proctor and Gamble, Unilever, Shiseido, LOreal, Avon and Revlon. Even though competition levels are high there is a high growth potential for male grooming products in UK, USA and Europe. Men in the UK spend a total of $1351 million in year 2005. Strategic developmentRead MoreMarketing Project of Reckitt Benckiser19417 Words   |  78 PagesBusiness Week 50, the magazines annual ranking of the best performing companies within the Samp;P European 350.The companys strategy is to have a highly focused portfolio concentrating on its 17 most profitable brands, which were responsible for 62% of net revenues in 2008. 35% of net revenues come from products launched in the past three years, this focus on innovation was recognized by The Economist Corporate Use of Innovation Award in 2009.The company held Platinum status in 2005, 2006, 2007 andRead MoreMarketing Project of Reckitt Benckiser19403 Words   |  78 PagesBusiness Week 50, the magazines annual ranking of the best performing companies within the Samp;P European 350.The companys strategy is to have a highly focused portfolio concentrating on its 17 most profitable brands, which were responsible for 62% of net revenues in 2008. 35% of net revenues come from products launched in the past three years, this focus on innovation was recognized by The Economist Corporate Use of Innovation Award in 2009.The company held Platinum status in 2005, 2006, 2007 andRead MoreGlobal Competition : Challenges for Management Accounting and Control10534 Words   |  43 Pagescomplexity, the third concerns competitor analysis and a fourth concerns resource allocation. The ï ¬ fth is to overcome centrifugal tendencies, developing a clarity of strategic intent, binding managers together worldwide and rewarding behaviour in the corporate, as opposed to local, interest. à · 1996 Academic Press Limited Key words: global competition; transnational organizations; planning and control in complex organizations. 1. Introduction The considerable success of many Japanese ï ¬ rms in world marketsRead MoreMarketing and Financial Markets41809 Words   |  168 PagesMarketing Strategy and Customer relationships 1 1. An overview of Strategic Marketing. 2 2. Planning, implementing, and Controlling Marketing Strategies 30 Part 2: environmental Forces and Social and ethical responsibilities 61 3. the Marketing environment 62 4. Social Responsibility and ethics in Marketing 92  © Part 3: Using information, Technology, and Target Market Analysis 127 5. Marketing Research and information Systems 128 6. target Markets: Segmentation, evaluationRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesto get tougher with companies in terms of oversight and accountability. The advent of social networking and other media has transformed the way citizens interact and how businesses market, promote, and distribute their products globally. The same can be said for mass collaboration efforts occurring through digital, online technology for the development of new and innovative systems, products, and ideas. Both social networking and mass collaboration bring new power and influence to individuals acrossRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 PagesAssignments Case Study Teaching Notes 6 7 8 8 12 19 20 25 27 27 28 28 29 Chapters 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Introducing Strategy The Environment Strategic Capabilities Strategic Purpose Culture and Strategy Business Strategy Corporate Strategy and Diversification International Strategy Innovation and Entrepreneurship Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances Evaluating Strategies Strategy Development Processes Organising for Success Leadership and Strategic Change The Practice of Strategy Read MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pages4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 Learning objectives Introduction: the changing business environment (or the new marketing reality) Analysing the environment The nature of the marketing environment The evolution of environmental analysis The political, economic, social and technological environments Coming to terms with the industry and market breakpoints Coming to terms with the very different future: the implications for marketing planning Approaches to environmental analysis and scanning Summary 5 ApproachesRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pages22/10/2007 11:54 Page 600 600 Guide to the main focus of cases in the book Introduction to strategy Business environment: general Five forces analysis Capability analysis Corporate governance Stakeholder expectations Social responsibility Culture Competitive strategy Strategic options: directions Corporate-level strategy International strategy Innovation and Entrepreneurship Strategic options: methods Strategy evaluation Strategic management process Organising Resourcing Managing change

Japan Tsunami Essay free essay sample

On March 11, 2011 Japan was hit with a 9. 0 magnitude earthquake that destroyed Japan and surrounding states. The tsunami was formed by an earthquake underwater. Underwater earthquakes happen because of the collision of plates and it causes the fault line to slide, when a force pushes the water upwards that causes many tsunamis which gradually increases till they strike land or shallow water. This in this case happened to Japan. Before this major tsunami happened in Japan many people didn’t know that they had a magnitude of 5 or higher, of many earthquakes before they had the massive on e that caused the tsunami. Even after the earthquake they received some aftershocks. But the major thing that is affecting Japan and surrounding countries is the nuclear radiation. The radiation is starting to sweep over the coast of California. Japan radiation is so bad that many are dying and they are making people move at least 50 miles away from the plants that were destroyed from the tsunami. We will write a custom essay sample on Japan Tsunami Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Japan is trying to clear the nuclear radiation by having helicopters drop water close to the plant site. They can’t get too close to the nuclear plant site because it will affect all of their equipments by the radiation being so high. So if they get really close, the equipment will stop working so since they can’t get close this is not helping stop the radiation from spreading. But it may be too late because scientists have proven that some of the radiation is coming to the United States even though it isn’t that bad yet. Many people in Japan have died from the Tsunami it has been an estimated 10,000 and counting. The threat from the radiation and death due to injuries has also increased the count. The world is trying to help Japan by making donations for the survivors. With like water, food, clothing, etc. The military is trying to help out by helping clean up certain parts of Japan so it can get back to its old self. I believe in everyone chipped in to help make a difference Japan will hopefully recover from this disaster tsunami.

The Birth Control Pill Essays - Hormonal Contraception,

The Birth Control Pill The Birth Control Pill: The Pill with Many Issues Generations of women have lived with the task of controlling the childbearing process. In 1960, the Food and Drug Administration approved the birth control pill. The approval of the pill was a great event for women. The birth control pill not only prevents pregnancy, it also treats several feminine disorders. Before the birth control pill, many women turned to illegal or self-performed abortion. In 1973 abortion was made legal by the case of Roe Vs. Wade. These events have become a great privilege for women, but neither prevents A.I.D.S. or other diseases. In 1916, the birth control movement was established by a public health nurse name Margaret Sanger. Sanger opened up the first birth control clinic in New York. This clinic informed women about deciding to become mothers and when. It also provided education to women about existing birth control methods. The idea of a woman's right to control her own body and her own sexuality, gave a new outlook to family planning. Sanger recorded in her autobiography: ?Every day the little waiting room was crowded. Women came from the far end of Long Island (the press having the spread the word), from Connecticut, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New Jersey. They came to learn the ?secret? which they thought was possessed by the rich and denied to the poor.? (Asbell 44) According to Bernard Asbell, the state of New York charged Sanger with illegal distribution of contraceptive information and forced Sanger to close the clinic (45). In 1951, Sanger and Katharine McCormick, an heir to the International Harvester fortune, wanted a simple and a more efficient form of a contraceptive. Sanger went to Gregory Pincus, a researcher at the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, with their idea. Pincus had been receiving funds from the Planned Parenthood Federation to study mammalian egg, but it was not enough to develop a hormonal contraceptive (Asbell 59). It was an $180,000 contribution from McCormick that funded adequate research development for a hormonal contraceptive. By 1955, Pincus, a Harvard gynecologist named John Rock, and graduate student Min Chueh Chang had found a way to keep a woman from conceiving. The team of three came up with a progestogen pill that would keep a woman from ovulating; therefore she could not get pregnant. This pill was called the birth control pill and was approved by the Food and Drug administration in 1960. S. Snider reports that the birth control pill ?was a major medical achievement that rewrote the future of women and family life. For the first time in history, it became possible for a woman to safely and effectively control childbearing by taking a pill (4). Although the pill was a wonderful success, it wasn't long before health officials raised concerns about serious side affects. Fears of blood clots, heart attack, and stroke, caused exhaustive research on oral contraceptives in the 60's and 70's. The health risks are not as large due to the low-dose birth control pills on the market today (Snider 5). The birth control pill does not only prevent pregnancies, but it also helps control some diseases and other medical problems. Many women that have an irregular menstrual cycle take the pill to keep their cycle normal. The pill has also proven to help women who have endometriosis. In 1973, the Supreme Court ruled case of Roe vs. Wade to legalized abortion. Since there has been health scares about the pill abortion has seem to become the other alternative to contraception. Some teenagers and women abuse abortion as a form of birth control. Many women have used abortions as a drastic form of contraception, due to carelessness or ignorance of better methods. In 1981, the virus acquired immune deficiency syndrome, better known as A.I.D.S. was identified. This virus weakens and breaks down the body's immune system making it almost impossible to fight off other viruses, infections and diseases. A.I.D.S. usually is caught by unprotected sex or drug use. The birth control pill will prevent a woman from conceiving; however the pill will not protect a woman from the A.I.D.S. virus. According to Jean Lawrence of the U.S. Center for Disease control and Prevention: ?Women whose partners use condoms to prevent A.I.D.S. and other sexually

Free Essays on Yeats

A path from romanticism to modernism. The stylistic evolution of Yeats’ travels through several stages across his career. Initially as a young poet, Yeats wrote much literary ornate verse. From his first publication in 1885 he’d been much influenced by the pre-Raphaelites. A group of artists and poets, the pre-Raphaelites shared a conviction that art had become corrupt during the Renaissance, beginning with Raphael, and was in decline there after. With their sentimental and dreamy idilic view of the world, they were an important influence on Yeats' first poetic efforts. Yeats’ also held an enduring admiration for Blake, which aided his style with a rugged simplicity . A typical poem of this period is the freely romantic â€Å"Lake Isle of Innisfree.† And I shall have some peace there, for peace comes dropping slow, Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings; There's midnight all a-glimmer, and noon a purple glow, And evening full of the linnet' s wings. This thick, sugary, praise is highly typical of Yeats’ early poetry and his inherited spirit of the general romantic style. At this time, 1890, Yeats’ himself was still in his twenties, his imagination still held the possibilities of delicate beauty and spontaneous song. Yeats' poetics became fixed heavily in lyric tradition during this early part of his career and late era of romanticism. Inspite of war experience and the darkening of his songs, their musicality would be retained. Yeats’ work began its evolution from the pond of romantics by becoming harder and more realistic. Personal and professional movements in his life were much the cause. Maud Gonne, an Irish actress, who was a long time love interest of Yeats, married a Major John MacBride leaving Yeats deeply wounded . The romantic pond from which much of his early poetry spawned became dry. Youthful praise stripped away, he turned to heartless speculation of severe... Free Essays on Yeats Free Essays on Yeats A path from romanticism to modernism. The stylistic evolution of Yeats’ travels through several stages across his career. Initially as a young poet, Yeats wrote much literary ornate verse. From his first publication in 1885 he’d been much influenced by the pre-Raphaelites. A group of artists and poets, the pre-Raphaelites shared a conviction that art had become corrupt during the Renaissance, beginning with Raphael, and was in decline there after. With their sentimental and dreamy idilic view of the world, they were an important influence on Yeats' first poetic efforts. Yeats’ also held an enduring admiration for Blake, which aided his style with a rugged simplicity . A typical poem of this period is the freely romantic â€Å"Lake Isle of Innisfree.† And I shall have some peace there, for peace comes dropping slow, Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings; There's midnight all a-glimmer, and noon a purple glow, And evening full of the linnet' s wings. This thick, sugary, praise is highly typical of Yeats’ early poetry and his inherited spirit of the general romantic style. At this time, 1890, Yeats’ himself was still in his twenties, his imagination still held the possibilities of delicate beauty and spontaneous song. Yeats' poetics became fixed heavily in lyric tradition during this early part of his career and late era of romanticism. Inspite of war experience and the darkening of his songs, their musicality would be retained. Yeats’ work began its evolution from the pond of romantics by becoming harder and more realistic. Personal and professional movements in his life were much the cause. Maud Gonne, an Irish actress, who was a long time love interest of Yeats, married a Major John MacBride leaving Yeats deeply wounded . The romantic pond from which much of his early poetry spawned became dry. Youthful praise stripped away, he turned to heartless speculation of severe...

International business strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International business strategy - Essay Example Being directly related to the health of the customers, the industry possesses certain unique characteristics which in turn influence its market status. For instance, the industry attracts strict legal barriers, intense political considerations, along with effective technical collaborations. However, the industry gains an advantage of lesser economic constraints and social influences (Verbigena, 2004). Since its initiation, the industry has witnessed a rapid growth despite certain major barriers such as, increasing debt and the effect of recent global recession. The turnover of the international pharmaceutical industry as recorded in the last month of 2009 was $ 233 billion. This depicts that the industry was on a growth when compared with the 2006 statistics reporting revenue of $193 billion (Moody’s Investors Service, Inc., 2010). However, the industry also witnessed challenges in terms of mergers and acquisitions. For instance, Pfizer acquired Wyeth for 68 billion; Merck Sha rp & Dohme was acquired by Schering for 41.1 billion and Roche acquired 43% of the total stake in Genentech. Notably, all the companies were recorded to be among the major players in the global industry. Hence, it can be stated that the mergers and acquisitions strongly influenced the structure of the industry which can prove to be a constraint from the marketing perspective (Hornke & Mandewirth, 2009). 1.2. Demand & Supply In the economic perspective the demand and supply in an industry is referred to the interdependent relationship between the total amount of products and/or supply rendered to the industry’s customers and the actual need or requirement to the total population of the customer. To be related with the pharmaceutical industry, one opportunity that the industry gains in this context is that it renders a product which is categorised as a basic requirement of human population. Therefore, the suppliers in the industry enjoy more power in comparison to the buyers. H owever to be precise, the market demand was recorded to fall back during the early 2000s and after the recent economic downturn it is again increasing. Accordingly, the supply chain of the industry comprises of the manufacturers and marketers, who are altogether reflecting a positive outlook to render their products to their ultimate customers (Holland & Batiz-Lazo, 2004). 1.3 Key Countries of the Market The international pharmaceutical industry can be categorised in three main regions, i.e. the American region, the European region and the Asian market region. Notably, the industry structure and performance vary from one economy to another. It is due to the fact that the industry depends highly on the legal, political and technological issues beside the social and economical barriers. The statistics recorded in 2005 revealed the following facts regarding the annual contribution of various economies to the international pharmaceutical industry (Medicines Australia, 2007). Economies N orth America Europe Japan UK Australia Other Economies Shares in Sales (2005) 45% 20% 10% 3% 1% 21% Source: (Medicines Austra

The recent advancements made in petroleum microbiology Term Paper

The recent advancements made in petroleum microbiology - Term Paper Example Petroleum, in the twenty – first century, remains to be one of the most significant sources of fuel and energy. It is a complex blend or mixture of different types of hydrocarbons and organic compounds. It may sometimes also contain traces of transition metal complexes (called organometallo) like nickel and vanadium (Lerner, 2011). The compositions of petroleum, and thus its physical and chemical properties, vary from place to place, and from area to area. In the current scenario, the demand for petroleum and its by – products continues to rise. In an answer to them, science has come up with the use of microbiology during the extraction and purification of petroleum. The study of this use and application of microorganisms in the fuel industry is called petroleum microbiology (Encyclopedia, 2005). The most important experimental works in the field of petroleum microbiology have been done by Claude ZoBell (Lerner, 2011). His research, which extended for over 40 years (193 0 – 1970), has proved that microorganisms, especially bacteria, play an important role in most of the vital processes related to petroleum, which include its formation, extraction and refining. The hydrocarbons and petroleum products have been termed as ‘substrates’ or ‘nutrients’ for microbes, which they need in order to carry out efficient metabolism. This feeding of bacteria and fungi is aided by the action of certain enzymes and is called, biodegradation (Hamme, 2003). Most of the hydrocarbons are broken down to release carbon dioxide, water, proteins and nucleic acids. The carbon dioxide escapes to the atmosphere while the rest of the products are used for cellular growth. Bacteria and fungi involved in biodegradation are highly specific in function, that is, not all bacteria can break down a specific hydrocarbon or organic compound. Pseudomonas and mycobacterium are examples of some degrading bacteria while examples of fungi include Candida (Va n Hamme, 2003). With the advancement of biotechnology and microbiology, scientists have widened their understanding and developed better concepts of the metabolic processes related to microbial actions on petroleum (Van Hamme, 2003). The effects of the use of the hydrocarbons as substrates by the microorganisms involve alteration of cell surface membranes and mechanisms of both uptake and discharge. Similarly, the ability to study the behaviour of microbial organisms, in a petroleum rich environment at a molecular level has also been enhanced. Under the optimum conditions for the growth of these organisms, they have been treated with hydrocarbons, and transformed to take part in highly accelerated and bioreactor-based petroleum waste degradation processes, that are now being implemented (Atlas, 1995) (Van Hamme, 2003). In the modern world, petroleum microbiology is an important part of bioremediation which involves controlling oil pollution (Bronson, 1993). Bioremediation is the use of microorganisms to get rid of pollutants and harmful substances from the environment. Oil pollution is the result of seeping and spillage of oil from tankers into the sea, as well as intentional or deliberate discharge of oil products into the water sources. The huge spill of crude oil from a tanker near Alaska’s coast back in the 1980s practically showed the scientific world of the usefulness of biodegradation (Bronson, 1993). Scientists observed the actions of the microorganisms present in breaking down the oil and thus, getting rid of it, both on and offshore. Experimental evidences also showed that the microbial actions are affected by factors like temperature and pH. This led to the establishment of a rapidly growing industry which makes uses of microbial remedies to counter water pollution. Modern researches have also proved that waste products produced by one microorganism during biodegradation can be used as a source of food by the others

Family Bond Essay Example for Free

Family Bond Essay The family system is the most conspicuous bond in the social scheme of things. This bond ties people to each other with invisible strings of love and care, each one bonded to all others in his/her entirety. The family that consists of the elder’s brothers, sisters and children are all bound to each other no matter how far away they may be from each other physically. The family is the inspiration of each individual member and, above all, it is the objective for which each individual member lives and works. The encouragement from the family helps one to achieve marathon goals, and it is the family only that, at time forces a person to adopt the wrong path. Thus the family is of so much importance to every member that, its bonds are in reality responsible for whatever each member achieves or loses. The family is as if the backbone on which the bodies of the individuals in it stand. It is the family that acts as a booster for each one in it and, it is the same family that at times becomes a stumbling block in the growth of an individual in it. This is because the bonds of love are too great to be set apart and as we often hear that love is blind. It is this same blind love of the family that may at times prove to be a hindrance to growth For example, a child in the family may be brilliant in studies but the extreme and blind love of the parents wants to see him as the next Sachin Tendulkar. They, in trying to fulfill their ambition may try to impose their desire on the child and he, in the bargain loses track of studies. At the same time since he has no inclination for cricket, he does not manage to achieve anything in that sphere also. Thus, due to the unquestioned love and bond of the family, the child loses out on both fronts. He is unable to become Sachin Tendulkar and neither has he been able to keep pace with his studies. In this way, the bonds of the family prove to be disastrous also. At the same time, with the backing and support of the family, a child can work wonders as, it is here he gets all the encouragement and back up support. Besides being a support for the children of a family it has often been heard that, b ehind every successful man, there is a woman. This again goes to show how much the backing of a good co-operative wife helps the man also to grow in his career. Thus it is seen that the family bonds play a very prominent part in making or breaking each member of the family. It is from broken homes that, drug addicts, juvenile criminals are also created, so much is the importance of the bonds of a family. So much for parents and children in a family. Even grandparents have an intrinsic role to play in the growth of the individuals. If the children play and have fun with grandparents, they develop a liking for elders, and they learn to respect elders. Once they see their parents behaving well with the grandparents they also learn how to behave with elders. This presence of elders in a family makes the bonds still more pleasant and more lasting. Like everything else, bonds of a family also have their advantages and disadvantages. However, the disadvantages are so minuscule that, the prominent advantages overpower them and the essence of family life and its bonds appear to be just worth it. Where there is a family to fall back upon, even hard times of misfortune, it becomes easier to bear and this is just what family bonds is all about. These bonds are so strong that, no power can break them or destroy them. It is however great luck to get the fortune of a fully blooming family with all its bonds in place.

Importance of Symbolism and Setting in The Yellow Wallpaper

Importance of Symbolism and Setting in The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚   In the disturbing novel, The Yellow Wallpaper, the setting in which the action takes place is extremely important. The author uses setting to focus the reader’s attention into the story in a gradual manner. Also, the manipulation of setting allows the author to subtly introduce symbols in the text. These symbols represent Gilman’s view on the status of women in the patriarchal society of the nineteenth century. The story takes the form of a journal of the main character. Therefore, the reader’s view is limited to the impressions of a single character, Jane. Considering some background information on Gilman, one can easily draw the conclusion that the story is actually a reflection of personal experience. Gilman has suffered an extreme mental depression as the result of psychiatric treatments, prior to writing this short story. The author identifies herself with this character. Due to her poor health, Jane listens to the doctor’s advice and redirects the energy she formerly spent on worries to "air and exercise, and journeys"(Gilman 946). She continuously focuses her attention on the surrounding environment and she pays much attention to detail in her journal descriptions, accompanying these descriptions with personal impressions, most of the time; because of the subjective view, the reader assimilates these impressions as if they were his own. Setting is important for the char acter - she has come to this place in the hope that the surrounding environment will have a positive influence in her state of health. However, it is at least as important for the reader as well, because the reader is very closely bound to the character’s thoughts and impressions and a... ...he Jaundiced Eye: Foucauldian Panopticism in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 'The Yellow Wallpaper.'" Studies in Short Fiction. 31, (1994): 39-46. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper. New York: Feminist Press, 1973. ------. The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: An Autobiography. New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1935. Golden, Catherine, ed. The Captive Imagination: A Casebook on "The Yellow Wallpaper." New York: Feminist Press, 1992. ------. "The Writing of 'The Yellow Wallpaper': A Double Palimpsest." Studies in American Fiction. 17 (1989): 193-201. Haney-Peritz, Janice. "Monumental Feminism and Literature's Ancestral House: Another Look at 'The Yellow Wallpaper'" Women's Studies. 12 (1986): 113-128. Kasmer, Lisa. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 'The Yellow Wallpaper': A Symptomatic Reading." Literature and Psychology. 36, (1990): 1-15. Importance of Symbolism and Setting in The Yellow Wallpaper Importance of Symbolism and Setting in The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚   In the disturbing novel, The Yellow Wallpaper, the setting in which the action takes place is extremely important. The author uses setting to focus the reader’s attention into the story in a gradual manner. Also, the manipulation of setting allows the author to subtly introduce symbols in the text. These symbols represent Gilman’s view on the status of women in the patriarchal society of the nineteenth century. The story takes the form of a journal of the main character. Therefore, the reader’s view is limited to the impressions of a single character, Jane. Considering some background information on Gilman, one can easily draw the conclusion that the story is actually a reflection of personal experience. Gilman has suffered an extreme mental depression as the result of psychiatric treatments, prior to writing this short story. The author identifies herself with this character. Due to her poor health, Jane listens to the doctor’s advice and redirects the energy she formerly spent on worries to "air and exercise, and journeys"(Gilman 946). She continuously focuses her attention on the surrounding environment and she pays much attention to detail in her journal descriptions, accompanying these descriptions with personal impressions, most of the time; because of the subjective view, the reader assimilates these impressions as if they were his own. Setting is important for the char acter - she has come to this place in the hope that the surrounding environment will have a positive influence in her state of health. However, it is at least as important for the reader as well, because the reader is very closely bound to the character’s thoughts and impressions and a... ...he Jaundiced Eye: Foucauldian Panopticism in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 'The Yellow Wallpaper.'" Studies in Short Fiction. 31, (1994): 39-46. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper. New York: Feminist Press, 1973. ------. The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: An Autobiography. New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1935. Golden, Catherine, ed. The Captive Imagination: A Casebook on "The Yellow Wallpaper." New York: Feminist Press, 1992. ------. "The Writing of 'The Yellow Wallpaper': A Double Palimpsest." Studies in American Fiction. 17 (1989): 193-201. Haney-Peritz, Janice. "Monumental Feminism and Literature's Ancestral House: Another Look at 'The Yellow Wallpaper'" Women's Studies. 12 (1986): 113-128. Kasmer, Lisa. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 'The Yellow Wallpaper': A Symptomatic Reading." Literature and Psychology. 36, (1990): 1-15.

Bosnian Refugee Life in America Essay

Thousands of refugees from Bosnia-Herzegovina have fled to the United States to seek protection from the ethnoreligious conflicts of the region. To best assist these families, service providers must understand their wartime and migration experiences and their culture. The purpose of this article is to review the literature relevant to working with Bosnian Muslim refugees as well as to understand the uruque issues facing this population. The authors’ interest in Bosnian Muslim refugees is a personal one. Between 1992 and 2001, nearly 3,500 Bosnian refugees escaping ethnic cleansing and war migrated to Bowling Green, a small city of 50,000 in rural southcentral Kentucky. The Bowling Green International Center has been a part of the local community since 1979 and actively works with the United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants (USCRI). For more than 25 years, the center has assisted thousands of refugees of many nationalities in their migration to the United States and the local community. According to the center’s director, Marty Deputy, Bosnians make up the largest percentage of refugees that have relocated to Bowling Green (personal communication, February 3, 2005). Deputy also indicated that while Bosnian refugees have adapted well to the local community, they still face many challenges because of their experiences in Bosnia in addition to their integration into a new culture. One of the issues that continue to haunt many Bosnian refugees is post-traumatic stress—a result of war and genocide. Post-traumatic stress is particularly an issue for the adult women, who experienced the trauma of rape and sexual assault as well as witnessing the murder of their children and spouses. According to Deputy (personal communication, February 3, 2005), social workers should approach Bosnian families and children with cultural competence. If visiting a Bosnian home, for example, removing one’s shoes when entering is a display of respect and sensitivity. A willingness to drink a strong cup of Bosnian coffee is also appreciated. Social workers also must be sensitive about body language and speech tone. It is also important not to assume that all Bosnians are alike. As with all cultures, there is tremendous variation in the Bosnian culture, along with individual differences in personality and environmental experiences. Bosnian Muslim Experiences in the War The 1991 census for Bosnia-Herzegovina shows that Muslims made up 43. 7% of the total population of 4. 3 million people. Serbs accounted for 31. 3% and Croats 17. 3% (Bringa, 1995). Serbs identified the Muslims’ majority population base in Bosnia-Herzegovina as its strategic strength (Cigar, 1995). In 1992, therefore, the Serbs declared war and began a campaign of ethnic cleansing to eradicate non-Serbs. The term â€Å"ethnic cleansing† stands for the policy of ridding an area of an undesirable national group to create a homogenous region; it represents a type of genocide that is designed to spread terror (Friedman, 1996; Weine & Laub, 1995). Serbia’s initial rationale for its policy was promulgated by the belief that the newly formed state of Bosnia-Herzegovina would create national minorities of the Serb population and eventually destroy the Serb populace as a discrete and unique nation (Friedman, 1996). The prospect of acquiring material goods from the Muslims—land, livestock, houses, cars, and cash—apparently was an additional powerful incentive for many Serbs (Cigar, 1995; Sells, 1998). The indigenous Bosnian Serb population was drawn into a terror campaign of killing and mayhem so the non-Serbian populations would never return. This persecution ultimately led to more than one million Balkan refugees migrating to the United States and other countries. The types of experiences they endured in their homeland before emigrating dramatically influenced their initial adaptation to these new environments. Resettlement and Adaptation Issues As difficult as the war-related experiences were, migration to resettlement countries signaled a transition to new types of struggles for Bosnian refugees. Unlike immigrants who leave their homes for a variety of reasons, refugees leave in order to survive, and they face a new realm of stressors as they attempt to rebuild their lives in exile (Keyes, 2000; Worthington, 2001). Such stressors include difficult transit experiences; culture shock; adjustment problems related to language and occupational change; and disruption in their sense of self, family, and community (Lipson, 1993; Worthington, 2001). Additionally, refugees leaving Bosnia-Herzegovina often have suffered multiple losses, such as severance from family and friends who have been left behind or killed, displacement from their homes and communities, social isolation, and the premature death of their children. Such an accumulation of loss can leave a sense of unresolved grief that can significantly impact mental health and future functioning capacity (Akhtar, 1992; Fullilove, 1996; Sundquist & Johansson, 1996; Worthington, 2001). When refugees cross national boundaries seeking asylum, they typically find themselves in an alien social environment with norms that challenge their traditional patterns of family interaction (Mayadas & Segal, 2000). Most Bosnian refugees have a hierarchical familial power structure and clear role definitions; in the homeland, authority was typically gender-based, with males maintaining instrumental roles and females fulfilling nurturing responsibilities. A traditional Bosnian woman’s commitment to her family includes observing strict codes of privacy and public silence on any issue that might bring shame on the family, such as family discord. For many women, this privacy mandate deters them from divulging details about marital strife or child maltreatment by spouses to outsiders such as work colleagues, community members, and mental health professionals. Consequently, Bosnian female refugees continue to be caught between traditional role models prevalent throughout the former Yugoslavia’s patriarchal society in the 20th Century and the expectations of their new culture. The Bosnian family’s patriarchal patterns of behavior tend to be challenged on arrival in the United States, particularly around work-related issues. Women are more likely than men to find jobs in the low-wage labor market, and in becoming the breadwinners exposed to the outside world, they risk upsetting a family equilibrium based on male authority (Mayadas & Segal, 2000). For Bosnian men, key ethnic and social boundary markers of their lives had evaporated; because of their grief over this, many seemed paralyzed in their attempt to move forward in their new life. Bosnian refugee children also face immense acculturation pressures (Mayadas & Segal, 2000). They often are torn between the beliefs, customs, and values learned in their native culture and the often unrealistic expectations of the new one. The pressure to assimilate the cultural norms of their new country can be intense and extremely stressful. Their parents often lack the material resources and support systems to adequately assist them in navigating the complex terrain of foreign school systems, pervasive racism, and intolerance (Mayadas & Segal, 2000). Consequently, many feel as if they are alone in a foreign, sometimes unforgiving new cultural milieu. To further complicate the situation, family roles often reverse as children typically become more fluent in English faster and adapt more quickly to the customs of the new country (Potocky, 1996). Because children are thrust into the role of serving as the interpreters and negotiators of cultural norms for their parents, respect for the authority of elders is often undermined (Carlin, 1990; Drachman; 1992). Even though most teenagers in the United States feel a certain amount of intergenerational tension, the adolescents of refugees often experience the pull of two vastly different worlds: those of their American peers and their parents (Mayadas & Segal, 2000). They also feel subjected to the xenophobia of their American peers, who often ridicule others who they label as â€Å"different. † Immigration to the United States has provided Bosnian Muslim refugee families with many challenges as they struggle to adapt to their new lives. At first glance, their experiences may be similar to that of other immigrants, raising the familiar questions about how to perpetuate the faith of their forebears among their offspring or how to best preserve cherished cultural practices (Yazbeck- Haddad & Esposito, 2000). But there are some real differences. With the attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, DC, the potential for a xenophobic reception of Muslim immigrants and refugees by Americans has intensified. For example, disputes over the building of mosques represent a key source of friction for most Westerners (Pipes & Duran, 1993). While Bosnian Muslim families may encounter the same issues earlier generations of immigrants faced, they also are burdened with the question of whether their children will be accepted in the United States, and whether Islam can ever be recognized as a positive force that contributes to a pluralistic, multicultural nation (Yazbeck-Haddad & Esposito, 2000). Culturally Competent Practice with Bosnian Muslims When working with Bosnian Muslim refugees, service providers need to learn as much as possible about their culture, particularly given the pivotal role that ethnoreligious identity has played in their war-related experiences (Witmer & Culver, 2001). Bosnian men and women tend to adhere to traditional gender roles; connected with this issue is the intense stigma attached to the sexual violation of women. This stigma frequently led women to refrain from disclosing war rapes to their families (Witmer & Culver, 2001). Bosnian Muslims typically act in ways that preserve the positive image of the family’s identity, especially males, who see openly revealing vulnerability or suffering as a sign of great personal weakness (Weine et al. , 1997). Family is the most important social structure across the urban and rural regions of Bosnia (Mojica-Castillo, 2001). Up until the 1970s, adult children commonly lived with their parents and multiple generations lived in the same house. But today, twoparent families predominate in this region with extended family members often living nearby. A cluster of shoes can typically be found outside a Bosnian home (Mojica-Castillo, 2001). This is because it is customary to remove street shoes and leave them at the door. Bosnians maintain a strong social tradition of neighborliness. The drinking of strong coffee or the sharing of food, accompanied by the essential element of lively conversation, is an important aspect of social life. Traditional music and folk dances are an important part of cultural celebrations. A basic principle of generalist social work is that practitioners need to be able to intervene on behalf of various systems, including individuals, families, orgaruzations, and communities. Additionally, the generalist social worker operates within an ecological framework that attempts to improve coping patterns for a better match between the client system’s needs and the characteristics of his or her environment. An empowerment approach to generalist practice assumes that clients can draw from existing competencies and reservoirs of strength. Empowerment indicates the intent and the processes of assisting client systems to discover and expand the tools and resources around them (Furuto, 2004). Swift and Levin (1987) referred to empowerment as an evolution from dependence to independence and interdependence. Gutierrez (1990) described empowerment as â€Å"the process of increasing personal, interpersonal, or political power so that individuals can take action to improve their life situations† (p. 140). The strengths perspective enhances the concept of empowerment with its focus on promoting healing. Healing implies both wholeness and the inborn ability of the mind and body to resist and regenerate when faced with disruption, disorder, or disease (Furuto, 2004). Ethnic and religious identity may lead to discrimination when the refugee is seeking a job that requires intervention on a more personal level. Long-term difficulty in finding a job that provides the family with adequate income may cause low self-esteem and family tension culminating in violence (Furuto & Murase, 1992). Various system levels often must be addressed simultaneously (Mayadas & Segal, 2000). Western thinking on designing comprehensive mental health services is mostly based on the individual as the primary system targeted for intervention; hence, existing services tend to be designed for a North American population (Mooren & Kleber, 1999). Furthermore, treatment of mental health disorders typically follows a medical model using talk therapy and drugs. Western theories also emphasize intrapersonal processes in isolation from the cultural context. The prevailing view that the responses to trauma are individual centered is in keeping with this tradition. Service providers must use the refugees’ own, indigenous cultural definitions of health and illness when making mental health assessments (Boothby, 1996; Wing Sue, Ivey, & Pedersen, 1996). For example, a Bosnian client who had the Western diag nosis of major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder â€Å"refused medication saying that there was nothing wrong with him that medications could fix, and insisted that the clinician understand that his current condition was a result of the wrongs that had been done to him, and not because of anything that was wrong with him† (Weine & Laub, 1995, p. 255). To address the issue of respecting the client’s definition of the issue, Yuen (1999) promoted a more holistic biopsychosocial model of intervention when working with Bosnian children and their families; hence, the importance of using an ethnically sensitive ecological framework becomes a second principle of culturally competent practice. A third principle is to respect the indigenous strengths and resources within Bosnians that empower them to cope with their own experiences. Chow & Yuen (2000) noted the necessity for an empowerment and capacity building model where refugees become partners in the design and elivery of services within their community. Efforts to design and deliver human service programs should include using indigenous Bosnian religious and cultural organizations, as well as self-help groups (Chow & Yuen, 2000). Conclusion After Bosnians flee their homeland, they need protection in the asylum country. This necessitates supportive policies and macrolevel intervention competence. The main policy that guides refugee resettlement in the United States is Public Law 96-212, the Refugee Act of 1980 (Mayadas & Segal, 2000). Based on the goal of helping refugees achieve economic self-sufficiency as quickly as possible, the act defines self-sufficiency as not receiving welfare benefits (Potocky, 1996). As such, this policy may be ineffective in helping refugees to settle in an optimal manner. To become truly self-sufficient, service providers need to redefine success in more progressive ways, such as helping refugees to effectively deal with resettlement issues relating to acculturation, psychological trauma, and intergenerational conflict—all of which can impede long-term economic self-sufficiency. This new goal requires adequate fiscal resources to develop programs and engage in active community outreach (Mayadas & Segal, 2000). Social services must aspire to restore the psychological health and dignity of these families and children, who have seen the worst side of human nature. Helping them establish a positive self-image is critical to their success. While the genocide of family members and violent acts can never be forgotten, surrounding Bosnian Muslim refugees with a network of positive, supportive services can help them establish a solid foothold in the United States.

The Role Of Teacher s Is Particularly Complex - 1729 Words

In today’s classroom, the role of teacher’s is particularly complex, given the increasing educational needs of the diverse students attending. According to Ellis (2005), over the past 20 years classrooms in Australia have undergone significant transformations, with regard to changes in grading and streaming of students. This has lead to the diminishing of streaming and grading students into classes and groups solely based on their ability levels, resulting in classes of diverse ability that encompass extensive physical, intellectual, cultural and behavioural differences (Ellis, 2005). This diversity heightens the need for inclusionary practices, in addition to instructional strategies, in order to meet the compelling needs of a full range of student’s attending schools (Council for Exceptional Children, 2005). According to Shaddock, MacDonald, Hook, Giorcelli and Arthur-Kelly (2009), inclusionary practices should be adopted if or when learning becomes an issue fo r any student who might experience barriers to learning and participation; whether arising from disability, gender, behaviour, poverty, culture, status or any other reason. Inclusive approaches to teaching and learning should emphasize the creation of instructional environments that expand mainstream thinking, structures and practices, which promote educational success and a sense of belonging for all students. One approach that attempts to accommodate all students in an inclusive and diverse manner is that calledShow MoreRelatedThe Codifying And Transmitting Of Traditions In Written1281 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Buddha in his final days. This text, particularly the verses written below, is thus worthy of close analysis following comparisons to those of other religions for insight. 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